September 2025

The Rise of Real-World Assets (RWA): Why Tokenised Bonds and Funds Are Taking Off

September, 2025

“Tokenisation is turning yesterday’s illiquid markets into tomorrow’s digital opportunities.” – DNA Crypto Knowledge Base.

The ability to onboard real-world assets (RWAs) on-chain is one of the most transformative impacts of blockchain tokenisation. From equities and real estate to commodities and art, Tokenisation makes assets programmable, fractional, and tradable 24/7.

But one category is emerging as the most disruptive: tokenised bonds and investment funds.

Learn more: The Future of RWA Tokenisation.

What Are Real-World Assets (RWAs)?

RWAs are traditional financial or physical assets represented as tokens on blockchain networks.

– Financial assets: bonds, equities, funds, credit
– Physical assets: real estate, commodities, artwork
– Intangibles: intellectual property, cash flows

Through Tokenisation, these assets become usable in DeFi for lending, borrowing, collateralisation, and yield strategies that traditional markets cannot match.

Explore: Tokenisation vs Traditional Securities

Why Bonds and Funds Are Leading

While tokenised stocks and real estate generate buzz, fixed-income and fund products are leading adoption:

Institutional Demand – Global bond markets exceed $100T; Tokenisation makes debt packaging and distribution more efficient.
Efficiency & Transparency – On-chain settlement reduces counterparty risk and accelerates processes.
DeFi Yields – MakerDAO now backs its Stablecoins with tokenised treasuries, merging TradFi safety with DeFi yield.
Accessibility – Tokenisation lowers barriers, allowing retail investors to buy fractional shares in products once reserved for the wealthy.

Read: Institutional Tokenisation

The Benefits of RWA Tokenisation

Liquidity – 24/7 secondary markets
Accessibility – Fractional ownership opens closed markets
Programmability – Automated payouts and governance via smart contracts
Transparency – On-chain auditability ensures verifiable reserves

More: Blockchain Infrastructure for RWAs

How Tokenization Works

Asset selection (bond, fund, or pool)
Token specifications (ERC-20, ERC-721)
Blockchain deployment (Ethereum, Solana, etc.)
Off-chain verification via oracles (e.g., Chainlink)
Issuance & trading across exchanges and DeFi protocols

$11B and Growing

According to DefiLlama, tokenised RWAs grew from $5B TVL in Dec 2023 to $11B today.

Projects like xStocks (Solana) show retail trading of tokenised equities, while tokenised treasuries have become one of DeFi’s most sought-after yield sources.

Forecasts suggest the market could expand into the trillions within a few years.

Risks to Watch

Custody challenges: off-chain assets must be secured
Liquidity: Some products remain thinly traded
Regulatory uncertainty: unclear securities treatment
Smart contract vulnerabilities: bugs can compromise collateral

See: DeFi Security Risks

Tokenised Debt Takes the Lead

While real estate and equities attract headlines, bonds and funds may be more scalable given their scale, predictability, and institutional demand.

At DNA Crypto, we view RWAs as the next trillion-dollar digital asset base — and we help clients design bespoke Tokenisation strategies that integrate compliance, custody, and DeFi opportunities.

Image Source: Adobe Stock
Disclaimer: This article is purely for informational purposes and does not constitute legal, tax, or financial advice.

Register today at DNACrypto.co.

Read more →

DeFi Meets Regulation: Can Decentralised Finance Adapt to MiCA and Still Stay Decentralised?

September, 2025

| No Comments

| Regulation Crypto

“The only true shield against regulation is pure decentralisation — and very few projects can claim it.” – DNA Crypto Knowledge Base.

On 30 December 2024, the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) officially came into force, setting rules for Stablecoins, exchanges, and service providers. But one corner of crypto doesn’t fit neatly into this framework: Decentralised Finance (DeFi).

Learn more: What is MiCA and Why It Matters

The Illusion of Full Exemption

MiCA’s Recital 22 says that if a service is provided in a fully decentralised way, without intermediaries, then MiCA doesn’t apply.

Sounds like a win? Not quite.

– MiCA doesn’t define intermediary. Is it a DAO one? What about multisig keyholders? Regulators will decide on a case-by-case basis.
– Token issuers may avoid MiCA if tokens are fairly launched, but most still have teams, treasuries, or governance.
– National regulators will diverge. Poland’s regulator has already suggested treating most DeFi projects as service providers.

Unless a protocol has no governance keys, no upgrades, and no identifiable issuer, it’s unlikely to qualify as “fully decentralised.”

Related: DeFi and MiCA Regulation

Hybrid Models Under the Spotlight

Most DeFi today is hybrid — decentralised in some areas, centralised in others:

– DEXs with upgrade keys.
– Protocols routing fees to treasuries.
– DAOs are dominated by core teams.

MiCA could treat these as crypto-asset service providers (CASPs), requiring them to obtain licenses, report, and comply with AML/KYC regulations.

Explore: MiCA Licensing Requirements

Issuance Without an Issuer

MiCA’s rules on disclosure and liability don’t apply if there’s no central issuer.

– Fair-launch protocols may escape regulation.
– But if a foundation markets or profits from a token, regulators may link it back to issuer duties.

Read: Investor Protections Under MiCA

What This Means for Builders, Investors, and Regulators

– Builders: audit your governance. Even one upgrade key may trigger MiCA oversight.
– Investors: don’t assume “outside regulation” is true. National regulators can still classify projects as CASPs.
– Regulators: face the challenge of enforcing MiCA without stifling innovation.

The truth is blunt: adapt, decentralise, or risk being regulated out of Europe.

More: Global Impact of MiCA

Image Source: Adobe Stock
Disclaimer: This article is purely for informational purposes. It is not offered or intended to be used for legal, tax, investment or financial advice.

Register today at DNACrypto.co

Read more →

Stablecoins After MiCA: Which Will Survive the EU’s New Rulebook?

September, 2025

| No Comments

| Stablecoins

“Stablecoins are no longer experiments — under MiCA, they are regulated money.” – DNA Crypto Knowledge Base.

On 30 December 2024, the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) came into effect, reshaping the rules for Stablecoins across Europe.

Stablecoins — digital tokens pegged to fiat like the euro or dollar — were once the “safe” side of crypto. But now, only those meeting Europe’s strict requirements can trade on regulated platforms.

Learn more: Stablecoins and MiCA Regulation

MiCA’s Core Rules for Stablecoins

Any issuer that wants to operate in the EU must now follow three rules:

Full Backing — reserves in safe, liquid assets, held in Europe.
Transparency — frequent, independently audited reports.
Licensing & Oversight — only EU-licensed electronic money institutions (EMIs) can issue Stablecoins.

Exchanges must delist non-compliant tokens for EU users, shifting liquidity toward compliant projects.

MiCA-Compliant Stablecoins

Some issuers built compliance into their models early. These are expected to thrive in Europe:

– EURC (Circle, France) – Euro-pegged, reserves at European banks.
– EURCV (SocGen–Forge, France) – Bank-issued, integrated with TradFi systems.
– EURI (Banking Circle, Luxembourg) – Designed for cross-border euro payments.
– USDC (Circle, France) – Dollar stablecoin now aligned with EU licensing.
– USDQ (Quantoz, Netherlands) – EMI-backed, fully collateralised.

Everyone is building with regulators, not against them.

Explore: Global Impact of MiCA

The End of Tether in Europe

Tether (USDT), once dominant with over $130B supply, has exited the EU market.

Why?

MiCA requires 60% of reserves with EU banks.
– Demands for detailed audits conflict with Tether’s opaque history.
– Tether’s core demand is in Asia and offshore, making EU compliance costly.

Major exchanges (Binance, Coinbase, Kraken) have delisted USDT for EU users.

MiCA is reshaping Stablecoin Power.

What This Means for Investors

– Retail users can still hold or send USDT privately, but regulated exchange access is vanishing.
– Institutions now have clear choices: adopt MiCA-compliant tokens like EURC, EURCV, or USDC for settlements.
– Everyday users will see euro-backed tokens promoted as Europe pushes digital sovereignty.

See: Investor Protections Under MiCA

The New Stablecoin Map of Europe

The winners: EURC, USDC, EURCV, EURI, USDQ.
The losers: USDT and offshore tokens that won’t adapt.

MiCA has ended the era of loosely regulated Stablecoins in Europe. What comes next is a structured market where digital money must balance blockchain efficiency with regulatory trust.

More: DeFi and MiCA Regulation

Image Source: Adobe Stock
Disclaimer: This article is provided for informational purposes only and is not legal, tax, or financial advice.

Register today at DNACrypto.co.

Read more →

Crypto in the Boardroom: How CFOs Are Rethinking Treasury Management

September, 2025

| No Comments

| Bitcoin

“Bitcoin is no longer speculation — it’s strategy.” – DNA Crypto Knowledge Base.

Not long ago, Bitcoin was dismissed as “internet money.” Today, it’s appearing in boardrooms from London to Abu Dhabi. With sovereign wealth funds holding billions, BlackRock’s ETF shattering records, and corporate treasuries outperforming peers, CFOs are facing a clear choice: act early or let competitors seize the advantage.

Learn more: Future of Bitcoin in Corporate Finance

From Scepticism to Strategy

Larry Fink, CEO of BlackRock, once called himself a “proud sceptic” of Bitcoin. Today, he suggests the asset could reach $700,000 if just 5% of global portfolios adopt it.

– BlackRock’s spot Bitcoin ETF grew to $63B AUM in 18 months, the fastest growth ever recorded.
– MicroStrategy turned a $33B bet into $70B.
– Sovereign wealth funds from Norway to Abu Dhabi are building quiet but strategic positions.

The debate is no longer if Bitcoin belongs in treasuries — it’s how.

Related: Institutional Bitcoin Adoption

Lessons from Governments and Global Players

Governments are no longer passive observers:

– National authorities now control 463,000 BTC (2.3% of supply).
– Bhutan’s stockpile equals nearly one-third of GDP.
– El Salvador’s Bitcoin bet is up $610M in profit.
– The U.S. has built a strategic reserve of 200,000 BTC.

Explore: Bitcoin Sovereign Reserves

For corporates, this is precedent: Bitcoin is not retail speculation — it’s statecraft.

The UK’s Corporate Blueprint

British firms are already moving:

The Smarter Web Company raised funds to acquire 2,395 BTC, lifting its valuation to $1.2B.
Coinsilium Group and miners like Hamak Gold are adding Bitcoin to balance sheets.

London’s regulatory clarity and financial infrastructure give the UK a unique edge as a European hub for Bitcoin adoption in treasury.

Risk, Custody, and Succession Planning

Roughly 30% of the Bitcoin supply is lost due to mishandling — unacceptable at the corporate level.

Solutions are evolving:

– Custody providers now insure up to $250M.
– Multi-sig inheritance planning prevents key loss.
– Bitcoin hedges against ransomware (average demands now $3.8M).

Read: How to Secure and Inherit Your Digital Assets

Why CFOs Need to Act Now

– Bitcoin’s Sharpe ratio > 3.0, beating the S&P 500 and gold.
– Volatility is now lower than that of many S&P 500 stocks.
– BlackRock research shows a 1–2% allocation drives asymmetric returns.

Execution is simple:

– ETFs for regulated exposure
– Dollar-cost averaging for steady entry
– Convertible debt for efficient accumulation

More: Why Bitcoin Wallets Are Surging in 2025

The Boardroom Conversation Has Shifted

The question is no longer whether Bitcoin is real — sovereigns and central banks have answered that. It’s no longer a question of whether it belongs in portfolios — the numbers prove it does.

For CFOs, the only question left is tactical: How will your organisation gain exposure before competitors?

The revolution isn’t on the horizon. It’s already here — in the boardroom.

Disclaimer: This article is provided for informational purposes only. It does not constitute legal, tax, investment, or financial advice.

Read more →

Bitcoin ETFs vs Direct Ownership: Which Strategy Makes More Sense for Investors?

September, 2025

| No Comments

| Bitcoin

“ETFs give you access. Direct ownership gives you sovereignty. The choice is philosophy as much as finance.” – DNA Crypto Knowledge Base Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have exploded into the mainstream since the U.S. approved spot ETFs in early 2024. They now move billions…

Read more →

MiCA in Action: How EU Firms Are Preparing for the First Round of Enforcement

September, 2025

| No Comments

| Bitcoin

MiCA isn’t just a rulebook — it’s Europe’s passport to a harmonised digital asset market.” – DNA Crypto Knowledge Base.

Eight months after going live, the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) has become a turning point in Europe’s crypto industry. As the first global regulatory framework for digital assets, MiCA is redefining how crypto service providers (CASPs) and issuers operate in the EU.

Learn more: What is MiCA and Why It Matters

What MiCA Means for Service Providers

MiCA was designed to:

Establish transparency and accountability in token issuance and stablecoin management.
Create a harmonised legal framework across the EU.
Boost investor and consumer protection.
Prevent fraud and systemic risks while encouraging innovation.

The scope includes utility tokens, asset-referenced tokens, e-money tokens, and all CASPs. In practice, firms must overhaul governance, capital reserves, risk management, and reporting systems to remain active in the EU.

Related: MiCA Licensing Requirements

The Cost of Compliance

Uniform rules don’t mean uniform costs.

In Poland, a MiCA license costs ~~16,500 PLN (~~$4,500), excluding ongoing compliance.
Firms must raise at least €150,000 in initial capital.
Advanced monitoring and reporting systems are mandatory.

This is forcing some firms to rethink their EU hub strategy, with regulatory efficiency and cost driving location choices.

Read: Investor Protections Under MiCA

First Licenses Granted

Licenses began issuing on 30 December 2024.

The Netherlands and Malta led with approvals on day one.
Germany followed in January 2025.
By spring 2025, over 40 licenses had been granted, mainly in the Netherlands and Germany.

The ESMA CASP register now provides complete transparency on licensed entities. Even megabanks are joining: in 2025, Standard Chartered secured a MiCA license in Luxembourg, calling it a “stamp of approval” that enhances reputation and trust.

Explore: Global Impact of MiCA

No MiCA II, But Ongoing Adjustments

Rumours of a “MiCA II” were dismissed. Instead, legislators will take 12–18 months to review loopholes and fine-tune the framework. Expect updates around stablecoin oversight and market risks, but not a wholesale rewrite.

More: Stablecoins and MiCA

DNA Crypto’s Compliance Stance

At DNA Crypto, MiCA isn’t just a compliance burden — it’s an opportunity to lead with trust and transparency.

We are working with clients and partners at the grassroots level to ensure full MiCA readiness. As the framework matures, DNA Crypto remains committed to anticipating change, ensuring our ecosystem thrives under Europe’s new rules.

The Bottom Line

MiCA is here, and enforcement has begun. Firms that embrace it early will benefit from investor trust, market access, and reputational capital. Those who delay risk falling behind as Europe sets the global benchmark for digital asset regulation.

Image Source: Adobe Stock

Disclaimer: This article is purely for informational purposes. It is not offered or intended to be used for legal, tax, investment or financial advice.

Read more →